If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at ssd@info.collegeboard.org. Bismarck used the king's telegram, called the Ems Dispatch, as a template for a short statement to the press. [59], Other nationalists had high hopes for the German unification movement, and the frustration with lasting German unification after 1850 seemed to set the national movement back. Catholics comprised almost 40 percent of unified Germany's population, with most of them concentrated along the Rhine River and in Bavaria. The widespreadmainly Germanrevolutions of 184849 sought unification of Germany under a single constitution. Despite the legal, administrative, and political disruption caused by the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German-speaking people of the old Empire had a common linguistic, cultural, and legal tradition. The French public, still aggravated over the defeat at Sadov, demanded war. Over the following forty years, the great powers supported the Spanish monarchy, but events in 1868 would further test the old system, finally providing the external trigger needed by Bismarck. Prussian merchants, with the support of the Prussian crown, established the customs and trade union known as the Zollverein in 1834. [1], Invasion of the (mostly ceremonial at the time) HRR by the First French Empire in the War of the Second Coalition (17981802) resulted in crushing the HRR and allied forces by Napoleon Bonaparte. AP European History Textbook Western Europe Since 1945 Western Civilization I: Certificate Program . He refused for a variety of reasons. The post Cold War reunification of Germany in 1990 seemed such a natural consequence of the end of the Cold War and the collapse of Soviet power in Eastern Europe that it is easy to forget that Germany had a fairly brief life span as a unified nation-state. This transfer particularly enhanced the territories of Wrttemberg and Baden. [81] In the day-long Battle of Kniggrtz, near the village of Sadov, Friedrich Carl and his troops arrived late, and in the wrong place. The chancellor was accountable solely to, and served entirely at the discretion of, the Emperor. This German dualism presented two solutions to the problem of unification: Kleindeutsche Lsung, the small Germany solution (Germany without Austria), or Grodeutsche Lsung, the greater Germany solution (Germany with Austria), ultimately settled in favor of the former solution in the Peace of Prague. [108], The 1866 North German Constitution became (with some semantic adjustments) the 1871 Constitution of the German Empire. Although those living in the states that became part of the German Empire largely shared a common linguistic (German) and religious (Protestant) bond, the borders of the new empire included millions who identified neither with German language and culture (French, Danes, and Poles) nor with the dominant religion (Catholics and Jews). For instance Italy was brought together when the Franco-Prussian war withdrew France from Rome. [63], The Crimean War of 185455 and the Italian War of 1859 disrupted relations among Great Britain, France, Austria, and Russia. (PDF) AP Euro Summer 2017 - Edl92. Enlightened absolutists, aka The effects of the railway were immediate. Unification of Germany Summary & Timeline - Study.com Since 1780, after emancipation by the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II, Jews in the former Habsburg territories had enjoyed considerable economic and legal privileges that their counterparts in other German-speaking territories did not: they could own land, for example, and they did not have to live in a Jewish quarter (also called the Judengasse, or "Jews' alley"). What did they stand for? Constructing Class and Nationality in Alsace, 1830-1945. In his first two wars, Bismarck balanced Russian and French concerns over the growing power of Prussia. North Korean leader Kim Jong Un vowed to strengthen state control over agriculture and take a spate of other steps to increase grain production . The French public resented the Prussian victory and demanded Revanche pour Sadov ("Revenge for Sadova"), illustrating anti-Prussian sentiment in Francea problem that would accelerate in the months leading up to the Franco-Prussian War. In the first half of the 1860s, Austria and Prussia both contended to speak for the German states; both maintained they could support German interests abroad and protect German interests at home. Second, the unification of Italy provided Prussia an ally against Austria in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. Prussia, of course, received the greatest number of seats in both houses. Since the 15th century, with few exceptions, the Empire's Prince-electors had chosen successive heads of the House of Habsburg from the Duchy of Austria to hold the title of Holy Roman Emperor. [50], More recent scholarship has rejected this idea, claiming that Germany did not have an actual "distinctive path" any more than any other nation, a historiographic idea known as exceptionalism. The traditional view, promulgated in large part by late 19th- and early 20th-century pro-Prussian historians, maintains that Bismarck's intent was always German unification. So, we haven't talked much about Italy and Germany so far in Crash Course Euro, and that's because prior to the mid-19th century, those two nation-states weren't really a thing. [99] Nevertheless, in January, the Germans fired some 12,000 shells, 300400 grenades daily into the city. Italy had its own way of unifying. Under the hegemony of the French Empire (18041814), popular German nationalism thrived in the reorganized German states. Unification of Germany - Wikipedia web dbq the unification of germany and italy answer all questions on looseleaf will be graded as a test introduction the 19th century was one of constant political turmoil napoleon conquered lands and united them into an empire German reunification (German: Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) was the process of re-establishing Germany as a single sovereign state, which took place between 2 May 1989 and 15 March 1991. p.302. Success encouraged the Coalition forces to pursue Napoleon across the Rhine; his army and his government collapsed, and the victorious Coalition incarcerated Napoleon on Elba. Ap euro 21 - lecture notes; Ap euro 23 - lecture notes; Ap euro 24 - lecture notes; Ap euro 25 - lecture notes; Ap euro 26 - lecture notes; . Such leadership, of course, is required not to dominate other peoples but to lead them along the path of duty, to lead them toward the brotherhood of nations where all the barriers erected by egoism will be destroyed." cjones004. The four major reasons behind the unification of Germany are the role of Bismark, the strength of the Prussian economy, the decline of Austria, and the military power of Prussia. Moreover, the creation of the German Empire necessitated that various political and socio-economic interests either were suppressed or incorporated into the broader national structure. In responding to the Schleswig-Holstein Question, they both proved equally diligent in doing so. Examples of this argument appear in: Ralf Dahrendorf. Giant AP Euro Terms List with complete solutions 2023 - Docmerit Giant AP Euro Terms List with complete solutions 2023 $20.45 Add to Cart Browse Study Resource | Subjects Liberty University Health Care Giant AP Euro Terms List with complete solutions 2023 Exam Giant AP Euro Terms List with complete solutions 2023 Von Roon and William (who took an active interest in military structures) began reorganizing the Prussian army, while Moltke redesigned the strategic defense of Prussia by streamlining operational command. Meanwhile, center-right revolutionaries sought some kind of expanded suffrage within their states and potentially, a form of loose unification. (The power of initiating legislation rested with the chancellor.) [31], In contrast, the coastal states already had barrier free access to international trade and did not want consumers and producers burdened with the import duties they would pay if they were within the Zollverein customs border. "Asymmetrical Historical Comparison: The Case of the German, Llobera, Josep R. and Goldsmiths' College. Prussian territory in the Confederation was extended to include also the formerly Polish territories of the Lauenburg and Btow Land and the former Starostwo of Draheim, while Austrian part was extended to include in the years 1818-1850 also the formerly Polish territories of the Duchy of Owicim and the Duchy of Zator), meaning that large portions of both Prussia and Austria were left outside pIn recognition of the imperial position traditionally held by the Habsburgs, the emperors of Austria became the titular presidents of this parliament. . The Spanish, looking for a suitable Catholic successor, had offered the post to three European princes, each of whom was rejected by Napoleon III, who served as regional power-broker. Some other pieces of content that you need to review are the rise . Unification of Italy and Germany Social Issue High Imperialism World . Post-1945 historians, however, see more short-term opportunism and cynicism in Bismarck's manipulation of the circumstances to create a war, rather than a grand scheme to unify a nation-state. Held together only by the idea of unification, their notions of how to achieve this did not include specific plans but instead rested on the nebulous idea that the Volk (the people), if properly educated, would bring about unification on their own. This AP European History crash course on the Italian Unification will be a good asset for you on the new AP Euro exam. For example, raw materials could travel up and down the Ruhr Valley without having to unload and reload. AP Euro P.4 2/14/23 German language: 1800 was one of the most influential elements that led to German unification; several diverse German writers and theorists started to give work towards uniting German identity that wasn't involved with French control under Napoleon Burschenschaft: 1815 However, the Prussian leadership, which was thoroughly conservative, rejected the Frankfurt constitution, preferring reform and unification directed from above. Several states were promoted to kingdoms such as the Kingdom of Bavaria, the Kingdom of Saxony or the Kingdom of Hanover. . [31], By the early 19th century, German roads had deteriorated to an appalling extent. Chapter 19 AP Euro DRAFT. Finally, Germany was not entirely German. While some, such as Wagner, viewed the nation as an organic and natural entity, drawing together peoples with similar linguistic and cultural heritages, others considered the nation as a political institution to be constructed by political authority. This may have been a pleasing prospect for Bismarck, but it was unacceptable to either Napoleon III or to Agenor, duc de Gramont, his minister of foreign affairs. 465 -466 During the first half of the nineteenth century, nationalism was most often connected to liberalism. [30] States more distant from the coast joined the Customs Union earlier. German politicians also targeted Jews as disloyal outsiders, although most of Germany's Jewish population voted for mainstream liberal or conservative politicians preferring assimilation into the political system rather than organizing into a separate political party. 9th Edition. [35] He was not alone: the poet August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben wrote a poem in which he extolled the virtues of the Zollverein, which he began with a list of commodities that had contributed more to German unity than politics or diplomacy. The king of Prussia as emperor and Bismarck as chancellor had complete authority over foreign affairs and the army. Austria's power meant lack of power for us, whereas Prussia desired German unity in order to supply the deficiencies of her own power. One of the former Frankfurt Parliament members, Johann Gustav Droysen, summed up the problem: We cannot conceal the fact that the whole German question is a simple alternative between Prussia and Austria. German Unification Timeline by Josue Romero on Prezi Next The Blog @ TomRichey.net - TomRichey.net During the brief Napoleonic restoration known as the 100 Days of 1815, forces of the Seventh Coalition, including an Anglo-Allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington and a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard von Blcher, were victorious at Waterloo (18 June 1815). A complete overview of the AP European History exam. .We need a powerful ruling house. With its wording shortened and sharpened by Bismarckand further alterations made in the course of its translation by the French agency Havasthe Ems Dispatch raised an angry furor in France. In the aftermath of this disarray, the convergence of von Moltke's operational redesign, von Roon and Wilhelm's army restructure, and Bismarck's diplomacy influenced the realignment of the European balance of power. A series of wars in the 1860s, culminating in the Prussian defeat of France in 1871 resulted in the German unification of 1871 under Prussian leadership. [107], Though often characterized as a federation of monarchs, the German Empire, strictly speaking, federated a group of 26 constituent entities with different forms of government, ranging from the main four constitutional monarchies to the three republican Hanseatic cities. During the Revolution of 1848, liberals met in the Frankfurt Assembly and drafted a constitution modeled on the ideals of the French Revolution of 1789. In 1864 Bismarck trumped up charges against the Danish government for their treatment of Germans living in the Danish province of Schleswig-Holstein. Summary. It also required a rethinking of political, social, and cultural behaviors and the construction of new metaphors about "us" and "them". [45], On 27 March 1849, the Frankfurt Parliament passed the Paulskirchenverfassung (Constitution of St. Paul's Church) and offered the title of Kaiser (Emperor) to the Prussian king Frederick William IV the next month. Wagner personally oversaw the design and construction of the theater located in the small Bavarian village of Bayreuth, the Festspielhaus, which opened in 1870 and where the Ring Cycle operas were first performed. The reality of defeat for Austria also caused a reevaluation of internal divisions, local autonomy, and liberalism. The French defeat at the Battle of Sedan and annexation of Alsace-Lorraine brought Bavaria into the German Confederation, and William I became the first monarch of the German Empire. For more on this idea, see, for example, Joseph R. Llobera, and Goldsmiths' College. Students will analyze the creation of the German Empire as constructed "from above" by Prussian leadership through political institutions, economic interest, diplomacy, and war and the consequences of this for political, religious, and nationalistic opponents of German unification. He instead created a seating plan by which all seats faced the stage directly. Their combined agendas established Prussia as the leading German power through a combination of foreign diplomatic triumphsbacked up by the possible use of Prussian military mightand an internal conservatism tempered by pragmatism, which came to be known as Realpolitik. Grand speeches, flags, exuberant students, and picnic lunches did not translate into a new political, bureaucratic, or administrative apparatus. The Late 19th Century - AP European History - TomRichey.net Their "radicalness" depended upon where they stood on the spectrum of male suffrage: the wider the definition of suffrage, the more radical. The religious reform movement among German Jews reflected this effort. The Polish members of the Reichstag, like the French and Danish members, organized into their own voting bloc to protest Germany's policies toward national minorities. In the Kleindeutschland ("Lesser Germany") solution, the German states would be united under the leadership of the Prussian Hohenzollerns; in the Grossdeutschland ("Greater Germany") solution, the German states would be united under the leadership of the Austrian Habsburgs. The wave of nationalism that raced through Europe in the nineteenth century resulted in the unifications of Germany and Italy. [] Mazzini hoped, but without much confidence, that his vision of a league or society of independent nations would be realized in his own lifetime. This impractical solution did not reflect the new status of Prussia in the overall scheme. Luther and Qin both lived in a society filled with disunity and corruption, hence why both decided to make a change. Public opinion also opposed Prussian domination. The states ranged in size from the small and complex territories of the princely Hohenlohe family branches to sizable, well-defined territories such as the Electorate of Bavaria, the Margraviate of Brandenburg or the Kingdom of Bohemia. [58], This sphere of influence system depended upon the fragmentation of the German and Italian states, not their consolidation. The unification of Germany (German: Deutsche Einigung, pronounced [dt an] (listen)) was the process of building the modern German nation-state with federal features based on the concept of Lesser Germany (one without multinational Austria of the Habsburgs), which commenced on 18 August 1866 with adoption of the North German Confederation Treaty establishing the North German Confederation, initially a Prussian-dominated military alliance which was subsequently deepened through adoption of the North German Constitution. The Congress established a loose German Confederation (18151866), headed by Austria, with a "Federal Diet" (called the Bundestag or Bundesversammlung, an assembly of appointed leaders) that met in the city of Frankfurt am Main. [19], The assassination of German dramatist August von Kotzebue in March 1819 by a radical student seeking unification was followed on 20 September 1819 by the proclamation of the Carlsbad Decrees, which hampered intellectual leadership of the nationalist movement. In 1807, Alexander von Humboldt argued that national character reflected geographic influence, linking landscape to people. In 1870 Italy and Germany were unified. There are Kingdoms and Grand Duchies, and Duchies and Principalities, inhabited by Germans, and each [is] separately ruled by an independent sovereign with all the machinery of State. The rank of nobility is abolished. "[65] Bismarck's words, "iron and blood" (or "blood and iron", as often attributed), have often been misappropriated as evidence of a German lust for blood and power. PDF Debates Over Italian Unification Dbq , (Download Only) The victory over France in 1871 expanded Prussian hegemony in the German states (aside from Austria) to the international level. Its borders resembled those of its predecessor, the Holy Roman Empire (though there were some deviations e.g. Which statement about an important event that led to german unification For a summary of this argument, see David Blackbourn, and Geoff Eley. Western Civilization, since 1300. The colors black, red and gold were symbolic of this. During the Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras, many of the previously strong barriers between Jews and Christians broke down. The Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I - 11 [42] Such other patriotic songs as "Die Wacht am Rhein" ("The Watch on the Rhine") by Max Schneckenburger began to focus attention on geographic space, not limiting "Germanness" to a common language. Initially conceived by the Prussian Finance Minister Hans, Count von Blow, as a Prussian customs union in 1818, the Zollverein linked the many Prussian and Hohenzollern territories. Judicial System: Body of Prince electors that often fought. The Imperial Diet had the power to pass, amend, or reject bills, but it could not initiate legislation. Economic success, political failure, and diplomatic tension marked the idea of a unified Germany in the period after the Napoleonic Wars. [64], Bismarck expressed the essence of Realpolitik in his subsequently famous "Blood and Iron" speech to the Budget Committee of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies on 30 September 1862, shortly after he became Minister President: "The great questions of the time will not be resolved by speeches and majority decisionsthat was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849but by iron and blood. However, central Europe's heterogeneous population meant that creating any "natural" type of Germany would be virtually impossible. emphasized their distinctiveness for not only the Christian Germans, but for the local Jewish populations as well. Finally, in 1870 the Regency offered the crown to Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, a prince of the Catholic cadet Hohenzollern line. At first Bismarck outlawed the SPD, but dissatisfaction with unification in Germany's cities, where workers sometimes viewed the German state as a tool of capitalism, proved that socialism was to become a significant force in post-unification German politics. Throughout the subsequent decades, beginning almost immediately after the defeat of the French, reaction against the mixing of Jews and Christians limited the intellectual impact of these salons. This newer scholarship has demonstrated the importance of the merchant classes of the Hanseatic cities and the industrial leadership (the latter particularly important in the Rhineland) in the ongoing development of the Second Empire. Finally, the Polish majority living in the share of Polish territory annexed by Prussia pursued their own liberation agenda. All the rest of us would eagerly and joyfully follow you." In 1848, nationalists sought to remedy that problem. Politically, the conservative order tried to limit the influence of liberal politics by making minor concessions to liberals. Kuhne, Thomas. [28] The failure of most of the governments to deal with the food crisis of the mid-1840s, caused by the potato blight (related to the Great Irish Famine) and several seasons of bad weather, encouraged many to think that the rich and powerful had no interest in their problems. The Prussian war cabinet understood that its only supporters among the German states against the Habsburgs were two small principalities bordering on Brandenburg that had little military strength or political clout: the Grand Duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz. 9 months ago. [97] "In the days after Sedan, Prussian envoys met with the French and demanded a large cash indemnity as well as the cession of Alsace and Lorraine. G.Wawro. He rejected liberal politics and constitutionalism in favor of unification "from above" through military force and diplomatic scheming. As a result, Germany after unification was forced to modify and adapt its political situation to accommodate dissenting political opinions and national and religious minorities. Although it was 6 kilometers (3.7mi) long and only operated in daylight, it proved both profitable and popular. Moreover, it is a useful case study for the broader concept of "nationalism" as a historical agent. A Nation of Provincials: The German Idea of Heimat. For a writing assignment, ask students to write a review of the piece, including comments on its political connotations for a newspaper affiliated with one of the major German political groups (see section IV). Britain's sphere was the rest of the world, especially the seas. Cengage Learning, 2016. When Italy and Germany were unified, they changed history. In a speech to the Prussian parliament, Bismarck declared that Germany's interests in Poland necessitated such harsh measures. The Ring Cycle operas, perhaps his greatest works, were composed and first staged in 1876, shortly after Germany unified. That is a short German unification summary, but the process was complex, and you can learn more about it by looking at the German unification timeline and detailed account of the wars of . The Revolution of 1848 brought some liberal reforms to Prussia, such as the ability of the parliament to obstruct certain forms of taxation. Napoleon had ordered the emancipation of Jews throughout territories under French hegemony. The Zollverein, the economic unity of the German states, inspired the idea of nationalism. As a result, the Confederation of the Rhine collapsed and the French period came to an end. [121] According to this story, Prussia played the dominant role in bringing the German states together as a nation-state; only Prussia could protect German liberties from being crushed by French or Russian influence. The Peace of Prague sealed the dissolution of the German Confederation. German Unification DBQ - AP European History It realized the Kleindeutsche Lsung ("Lesser German Solution", with the exclusion of Austria) as opposed to a Grodeutsche Lsung or "Greater German Solution", which would have included Austria. [76], In the Diet, the group of middle-sized states, known as Mittelstaaten (Bavaria, Wrttemberg, the grand duchies of Baden and Hesse, and the duchies of SaxonyWeimar, SaxonyMeiningen, SaxonyCoburg, and Nassau), supported complete demobilization within the Confederation. Publicly, he replied that he could not accept a crown without the consent of the actual states, by which he meant the princes. [60]. The Prussian cabinet saw German unity as an issue of power and a question of who had the strength and will to wield that power. [66] First, the phrase from his speech "the great questions of time will not be resolved by speeches and majority decisions" is often interpreted as a repudiation of the political processa repudiation Bismarck did not himself advocate. Cocks, Geoffrey and Konrad Hugo Jarausch. This brief war (fought over the course of mere weeks) pitted Prussia and her allies against Austria and other German states. Mann, Chapter 6, pp. In November 1850, the Prussiansspecifically Radowitz and Frederick Williamagreed to the restoration of the German Confederation under Austrian leadership. There is, in political geography, no Germany proper to speak of. ISBN 978-1-305-27229-3. Meanwhile, the liberals in the Frankfurt assembly saw German unity as a process of negotiation that would lead to the distribution of power among the many parties. italian unification ap european history crash course albert web mar 1 2022 the italian unification refers to the events that took place between 1848 and 1870 on the A revolution in Spain overthrew Queen Isabella II, and the throne remained empty while Isabella lived in sumptuous exile in Paris. The Franco-Prussian War. the 2010 supreme court case, wagner v. tritch, involves the illegal distribution of copyrighted material to foreign consumers via the internet, which is a new area of law. [75], The debate over the proposed national constitution became moot when news of Italian troop movements in Tyrol and near the Venetian border reached Vienna in April 1866. Ap euro 31 - lecture notes - opaeeftakppooeiflei# 01848-1871 Compare and contrast German and Italian unification - Academia.edu Concurrent with this idea, movements to preserve old fortresses and historic sites emerged, and these particularly focused on the Rhineland, the site of so many confrontations with France and Spain.[43]. Stasi German Teaching Resources | TPT Prussian army reforms (especially how to pay for them) caused a constitutional crisis beginning in 1860 because both parliament and Williamvia his minister of warwanted control over the military budget. Urban middle class Germany only unified as recently as 1871, when Wilhelm I became the leader of the German Empire following the Franco-Prussian War. The ensuing furor has been dubbed by historians as the Hohenzollern candidature. 432456. In practice Young Europe lacked the money and popular support for more than a short-term existence. 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