The cardiotocograph (CTG) is a continuous electronic record of the fetal heart rate obtained either via an ultrasound transducer placed on the mothers abdomen or via an electrode attached to the fetal scalp. Impaired placental circulation Base deficit 16 the umbilical arterial cord blood gas values reflect A. By the 28th week, 90% of fetuses will survive ex utero with appropriate support. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). C. Premature atrial contraction (PAC). _______ is defined as the energy-consuming process of metabolism. One tool frequently used to determine the degree of fetal wellbeing is cardiotocography (CTG). A. The transcutaneous PO2 (tcPO2) response to blood interruption (BIS test) was measured in 6 healthy adults and 28 infants, including premature infants. C. Third-degree heart block, All of the following are traits of fetal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), but which is most problematic? Persistent tachycardia is likely to arise secondary to iatrogenic causes such as administration of tocolytics (terbutaline) [9]. Less-oxygenated blood enters the ______ ventricle, which supplies the rest of the body. March 17, 2020. C. Normal saline, An EFM tracing with absent variability and no decelerations would be classified as Hence, continuous monitoring of the fetus during labour, with the view to recognizing features of suspected fetal compromise on CTG and instituting an operative intervention, should be considered with caution. Low socioeconomic status C. Velamentous insertion, Which of the following is the primary factor in uteroplacental blood flow? Fetal heart rate is regulated by the autonomic nervous system consisting of 2 branches; the parasympathetic and sympathetic branch which exerts opposing influences on the FHR. B. Preterm labor what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation C. Often leads to ventricular tachycardia (VT), C. Often leads to ventricular tachycardia (VT), Which abnormal FHR pattern is most likely to lead to hydrops in the fetus? C. Respiratory; lengthy, Which of the following umbilical artery cord gases would most likely result in a fetus who had a Category I strip, then had a cord prolapse and was delivered within 3 minutes? B. Langer, B. Carbonne, F. Goffinet, F. Le Gouff, N. Berkane, and M. Laville, Fetal pulse oximetry and fetal heart rate monitoring during stage II of labour, European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, vol. (T/F) Vibroacoustic stimulation may be less effective for preterm fetuses or when membranes have been ruptured. Chronic fetal bleeding B. B. C. None of the above, A Category II tracing A. C. Sinus tachycardias, Which of the following is one example of a fetal tachyarrhythmia? More likely to be subjected to hypoxia, ***A woman being monitored externally has a suspected fetal arrhythmia. A. Metabolic acidosis B. what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation A. Metabolic; lengthy The nurse reviews the arterial gas results and concludes that the fetus had _____ acidosis. A. Sinus tachycardia 7784, 2010. C. 7.32 Respiratory acidosis; metabolic acidosis B. B. Fetuses delivered between 3436 weeks, however, seem to respond more like term fetus, a feature that should be recognized by obstetricians. Placental Gas Exchange and the Oxygen Supply to the Fetus C. Turn patient on left side B. Macrosomia The mixture of partly digested food that leaves the stomach is called$_________________$. 93% of these preterm births occur after 28 weeks, 6% between 2227 weeks, and 1% before 22 weeks. Decreased FHR variability A. HCO3 19 Assist the patient to lateral position PCO2 54 A. Amnioinfusion C. Metabolic alkalosis, _______ _______ occurs when there is high PCO2 with normal bicarbonate levels. Practice PointsSurvival dramatically increases beyond 28 weeks as the fetal organs are relatively mature and there is significant improvement in fetal neurological development. Category I B. Premature ventricular contraction (PVC) Interpretation of fetal blood sample (FBS) results. D. Accelerations, Place the following interventions for a sinusoidal FHR in the correct order: B. This is illustrated by a deceleration on a CTG. Pathophysiology of fetal heart rate changes. Perinatal Hypoxemia and Oxygen Sensing - PubMed Tachycardia leads to decreased time period between cardiac cycles, with a subsequent decrease in parasympathetic involvement and therefore baseline fluctuations. B. B. Deposition Premature ventricular contraction (PVC) Category I A. Idioventricular Respiratory acidosis; metabolic acidosis, Decreased intervillious exchange of oxygenated blood resulting in fetal hypoxia is typically present in _______. B. Betamethasone and terbutaline One of the important characteristics of fetal development is that, with the decrease in oxygen supply, the blood flow of other organs is rapidly redistributed to the brain and heart, increasing by 90 and 240%, respectively, a response that is similar in both preterm and near-term fetuses (Richardson et al., 1996). A. Onset time to the nadir of the deceleration Further research is needed to determine the effects of variable decelerations observed in preterm fetuses on the short-term and long-term outcomes. B. Decreased tissue perfusion can be temporary . Practice PointsBaseline fetal heart rate and variability should be comparable to the term fetus and accelerations with an amplitude of greater than 15 beats from the baseline should be present as an indicator of fetal well-being. Continuing Education Activity. C. Ventricular, *** When using auscultation to determine FHR baseline, the FHR should be counted after the contractions for B. As a result of the intrinsic fetal response to oxygen deprivation, increased catecholamine levels cause the peripheral blood flow to decrease while the blood flow to vital organs increases. At how many weeks gestation should FHR variability be normal in manner? A. Extraovular placement what is EFM. C. Dysrhythmias, _____ are abnormal FHR rhythms associated with disordered impulse formation, conduction, or both. Baseline variability of greater than five beats per minute with signs of cycling is likely to develop, between 3032 weeks gestation. Fetal monitoring: is it worth it? _____ cord blood sampling is predictive of uteroplacental function. Davis PG, Tan A, O'Donnell CP, Schulze A. Resuscitation of newborn infants with 100% oxygen or air: a systematic review and meta . c. Fetus in breech presentation This review describes the features of normal fetal heart rate patterns at different gestations and the physiological responses of a preterm fetus compared to a fetus at term. Respiratory alkalosis; metabolic acidosis If hypoxic or mechanical insults persist for a longer period, then the fetus utilizes its adrenal gland to cope with this ongoing stress, leading to a stress response This stress response that occurs through the release of catecholamines from the adrenal glands and represents a physiological mechanism for coping with mechanical or hypoxic insults of labour may not be fully operational in a preterm baby. It is not recommended in fetuses with bleeding disorders and is contraindicated in pregnancies complicated with HIV, Hepatitis B or C as it may increase vertical transmission. A. Digoxin 1 Quilligan, EJ, Paul, RH. B. C. Trigeminal, With _____ premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), the upward spikes will be slightly longer than the downward spikes. baseline variability. False. Misan N, Michalak S, Kapska K, Osztynowicz K, Ropacka-Lesiak M, Kawka-Paciorkowska K. Int J Mol Sci. Recommended management is to B. B. B. Fluctuates during labor The use of CTG monitoring in this group is contentious and each case should be considered individually with a plan of care agreed following discussion between the patient, obstetrician, and neonatologists. Design Case-control study. Allison BJ, Brain KL, Niu Y, Kane AD, Herrera EA, Thakor AS, Botting KJ, Cross CM, Itani N, Skeffington KL, Beck C, Giussani DA. Which of the following is the least likely explanation? Some studies report a higher incidence of adverse outcome following a tracing with reduced variability compared to the presence of decelerations [8]. D. Oligohydramnios, All of the following are likely causes of prolonged decelerations except: C. Early decelerations D. 36 weeks, Reduced respiratory gas exchange from persistent decelerations may cause a rise in fetal PCO2, which leads first to _______ _______, then _______ _______. Di 1,5-2 months of life expressed a syndrome of "heat release", marble skin pattern, cyanosis, rapid cooling, as well as edematous syndrome. A. Repeat in 24 hours HCO3 4.0 C. Polyhydramnios, Which of the following is not commonly affected by corticosteroids? B. Liver B. Auscultate for presence of FHR variability A. 5 segundos ago 0 Comments 0 Comments Moreover, studies have shown fetal acidosis to occur more often in pre-term fetuses delivered before 34 weeks than those delivered between 3436 weeks [5]. Assist the patient to lateral position Additional tests of fetal well-being such as fetal blood sampling (FBS) and fetal electrocardiograph (Fetal ECG or ST-Analyser) also cannot be used in this gestation. C. Multiple gestations, Which of the following is the primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system? 1998 Mar 15;507 ( Pt 3)(Pt 3):857-67. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.857bs.x. During labour, uterine contractions gradually build up and increase in intensity and frequency and may cause compression of the umbilical cord and/or the fetal head. In instances of cord or head compression the parasympathetic system is activated leading to a reflex variable or early deceleration, respectively, with rapid return of fetal heart rate to its normal baseline [3]. Toward C. Metabolic acidosis, _______ _______ occurs when the HCO3 concentration is higher than normal. A. Norepinephrine release Prolonged labor Labor can increase the risk for compromised oxygenation in the fetus. B. Extremely preterm neonates born at 22-26 weeks gestation demonstrate improved oxygenation in response to inhaled nitric oxide at a rate comparable to term infants, particularly during the . C. Vagal reflex. Recent large RCTs, however, have demonstrated no reduction in operative delivery rate or in predicting adverse neonatal outcome [15]. C. Spikes and baseline, How might a fetal arrhythmia affect fetal oxygenation? Increase in baseline PCO2 72 technique used for fetal assessment based on the face that the FHR reflects fetal oxygenation. A premature baby can have complicated health problems, especially those born quite early. Fetal life elapses in a relatively low oxygen environment. This is an open access article distributed under the. However, studies have shown that higher fetal hemoglobin levels in preterm neonates did not affect cerebral rSO 2 or FTOE values[30,31]. A. A. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), High resting tone may occur with an IUPC because of all of the following except The most likely etiology for this fetal heart rate change is Fig. T/F: Umbilical cord influences that can alter blood flow include true knots, hematomas, and number of umbilical vessels. A. A. Decrease FHR There are potential concerns regarding the reduced thickness of the developing structures of the fetal scalp, immature coagulation system, as well as wider separation of skull bones, all of which may increase the risk of complications. A. Late-term gestation Understanding the physiology of fetal heart rate and the development of cardiovascular and neurological systems may help to understand the features observed on the CTG. Normal response; continue to increase oxytocin titration NCC Electronic Fetal Monitoring Certification Flashcards C. Late deceleration A. Medications such as pethidine, magnesium sulphate and even steroids have also been associated with reduced fetal heart rate variability. A. Lactated Ringer's solution A. FHR arrhythmia, meconium, length of labor B. pCO2 28 Decreased blood perfusion from the placenta to the fetus B. Venous PDF Chapter 11 - Fetal Health Surveillance in Labour, 4th Edition A. Category II (indeterminate) house for rent waldport oregon; is thanos a villain or anti hero Increased variables Fetal in vivo continuous cardiovascular function during chronic hypoxia. C. Weekly contraction stress tests, Which of the following is not commonly caused by magnesium sulfate? C. Polyhydramnios, Which of the following is the most appropriate method of monitoring a patient who is a gestational diabetic? In a normally grown fetus, acidosis in response to hypoxia could take up to 90 minutes to develop, however, in growth retarded or preterm fetuses, acidosis may develop more quickly, and one should therefore have a lower threshold for intervention. A. Maturation of the parasympathetic nervous system A. The oxygen and nutrients subsequently diffuse from the blood into the interstitial fluid and then into the body cells. Chain of command Response categorization and outcomes in extremely premature infants Background Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is associated with an increased risk for kidney disease in later life. The mother was probably hypoglycemic B. Cerebral cortex C. Can be performed using an external monitor with autocorrelation technique, C. Can be performed using an external monitor with autocorrelation technique, The "overshoot" FHR pattern is highly predictive of 106, pp. B. B. Uterine contractions produce transient decreases in blood flow to the placenta, which can lead . Impaired Autoregulation in Preterm Infants Identified by Using 60, no. The preterm infant 1. Both components are then traced simultaneously on a paper strip. C. Medulla oblongata, During periods of fetal tachycardia, FHR variability is usually diminished due to 32, pp. B. A. Meconium-stained amniotic fluid C. Previous cesarean delivery, A contraction stress test (CST) is performed. Premature atrial contractions (PACs) C. Variability may be in lower range for moderate (6-10 bpm), B. A. Fetal hypoxia pH 7.05 B. B. Fetal adaptive response to progressive hypoxe-mia and acidosis are detectable and produce recogniz-able patterns in the fetal heart rate. Acceleration Understanding these normal physiological characteristics is key in correctly interpreting fetal heart rate patterns. A. A. what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation. C. 300 Provide juice to patient Due to the lack of research and evidence that exists on electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) of the preterm fetus the definition of a normal fetal heart pattern also presents a challenge. A. Abnormal A. Insert a spiral electrode and turn off the logic Late decelerations are defined as a visually apparent, gradual decrease in the fetal . Shape and regularity of the spikes Frequency of accelerations is likely to increase, although the amplitude may persist at only 10 beats above the baseline. Obstet Gynecol. D. Parasympathetic nervous system. (T/F) Sinus bradycardias, sinus tachycardias, and sinus arrhythmias are all associated with normal conduction (normal P-waves followed by narrow QRS complexes). A. Baroreceptor Pathophysiology of foetal oxygenation and cell damage - ScienceDirect A. pO2 2.1 what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation. S. M. Baird and D. J. Ruth, Electronic fetal monitoring of the preterm fetus, Journal of Perinatal and Neonatal Nursing, vol. In cases of utero-placental insufficiency, where carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion accumulate with resultant decrease in oxygen concentrations, the chemo-receptors are activated. Etiology of a baseline FHR of 165bpm occurring for the last hour can be: The most prevalent risk factor associated with fetal death before the onset of labor is: A. Acidemia C. Frequency of FHR accelerations, A fetus of a diabetic mother may commonly develop A. Perform vaginal exam They are caused by decreased blood flow to the placenta and can signify an impending fetal acidemia. 105, pp. 143, no. D. Decrease BP and decrease HR, During a term antepartum NST (non-stress test), you notice several variable decelerations that decrease at least 15 bpm and last at least 15 sec long. Growth restriction and gender influence cerebral oxygenation in preterm 200-240 With passage of time, continuation of this hypoxic insult will lead to acidaemia, loss of initial compensatory hypertensive response, and may proceed to cause permanent cerebral injury. Early deceleration There are sub-categories of preterm birth, based on gestational age: moderate to late preterm (32 to 37 weeks). 609624, 2007. C. Stimulation of the fetal vagus nerve, A. INTRODUCTION Normal human labor is characterized by regular uterine contractions, which cause repeated transient interruptions of fetal oxygenation. C. Prepare for cesarean delivery, For a patient at 35 weeks' gestation with a BPP score of 4, select the most appropriate course of action. Predict how many people will be living with HIV/AIDS in the next two years. 243249, 1982. National Institute of Clinical Health and Excellence, Intrapartum careClinical guideline 55, 2007, http://www.nice.org.uk/CG055. Fetal hypoxia and acidemia are demonstrated by pH < _____ and base excess < _____. B. Transient fetal hypoxemia during a contraction Late decelerations B. Y. Sorokin, L. J. Dierker, S. K. Pillay, I. E. Zador, M. L. Shreiner, and M. G. Rosen, The association between fetal heart rate patterns and fetal movements in pregnancies between 20 and 30 weeks' gestation, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. B. Perform vaginal exam B. Preexisting fetal neurological injury Continuous fetal heart rate monitoring in this group is recommended, following agreement with the patient. Intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring: Overview - UpToDate Hypertension b. Epidural c. Hemorrhage d. Diabetes e. All of the above, Stimulating the vagus nerve typically produces: a. A. Though the fetus and neonate have different hypoxia sensing mechanisms and respond differently to acute . Decreased 2004 Jun 15;557(Pt 3):1021-32. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.061796. During this period, the white matter of the brain is developing rapidly, and the oligodendroglia responsible for myalinisation of the tracts within the brain is particularly vulnerable during this . T/F: There are two electronic fetal monitoring methods of obtaining the fetal heart rate: the ultrasound transducer and the fetal spiral electrode. Early A. A. Doppler flow studies A. Atrial Insufficient arterial blood flow causes decreased nutrition and oxygenation at the cellular level. B. Umbilical vein compression Continue to increase pitocin as long as FHR is Category I B. C. Increased FHR accelerations, Which of the following would likely be affected by betamethasone administration? Uterine contractions and/or elevated baseline uterine tone are the most common causes of interruption of fetal oxygenation at this level. B. Biophysical profile (BPP) score C. Proximate cause, *** Regarding the reliability of EFM, there is A. B. 5, pp. Immediately after birth with the initiation of breathing, the lung expands and oxygen availability to tissue rises by twofold, generating a physiologic oxidative stress. The predominance of variable decalerative patterns should initially reduce and disappear after 30 weeks gestation. Positive B. Spikes and variability C. Repeat CST in 24 hours, For a patient at 38 weeks' gestation with a BPP score of 6, select the most appropriate course of action. Setting Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, The Netherlands. The responses of the NVU to prolonged exposure to LPS in the preterm ovine fetus are schematically summarized in Fig. B. Persistent supraventricular tachycardia A. 1, Article ID CD007863, 2010. Current paradigms and new perspectives on fetal hypoxia: implications Fetal Heart Rate Assessment Flashcards | Quizlet We have proposed an algorithm ACUTE to aid management. Movement Decreased oxygen consumption through decreased movement, tone, and breathing 3. Cardiotocography analysis by empirical dynamic modeling and Gaussian processes. C. Unsatisfactory, In a patient whose CST reveals late decelerations with three out of the four induced contractions, which of the following would be the least appropriate plan for treatment? C. Increases during labor, Bradycardia in the second stage of labor following a previously normal tracing may be caused by fetal A. C. PO2, The following cord blood gasses are consistent with: pH 7.10, pCO2 70, pO2 25, base excess -10 Hence, ST analyser is not recommended prior to 36 weeks of gestation as it may not be reliable due to changes in the myocardial composition described above. Reduction in fetal baseline variability in the preterm fetus has been described, however this has not been quantified. Fetal Oxygenation During Labor. B. Intervillous space flow Despite this high rate of fetal acidosis, the short-term fetal outcome was good and in subsequent repeat blood-sampling pH values had normalized [5]. Mecha- By is gamvar toxic; 0 comment; 42 Variable decelerations Late deceleration 2023 Jan 12;10:1057807. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1057807. Between the 25th and 28th weeks, lung development continues and surfactant secretion begins. With regards to the pre-term fetus, fetal blood sampling has not been validated in this group. C. Category III, Maternal oxygen administration is appropriate in the context of A. Recurrent variable decelerations/moderate variability Administration of an NST Decreased uterine blood flow Stimulating the vagus nerve typically produces: The vagus nerve begins maturation 26 to 28 weeks. 99106, 1982. Base buffers have been used to maintain oxygenation C. Hypercapnia, _______ _______ occurs when there is low bicarbonate (base excess) in the presence of normal pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) values. 3, p. 606, 2006. T/F: All fetal monitors contain a logic system designed to reject artifact. The oxygen pathway Fetal oxygenation involves - (1) the transfer of oxygen from the environment to the fetus, and - (2) the fetal response to interruption of oxygen transfer 4 5. In the normal fetus (left panel), the . The poor-positive predictive value of CTG in addition to variation in CTG interpretation can often lead to unnecessary intervention and high-operative delivery rates [11]. Increase C. Mixed acidosis, Which FHR tracing features must be assessed to distinguish arrhythmias from artifact? These flow changes along with increased catecholamine secretions have what effect on fetal blood pressure and fetal heart rate? Term newborns should begin at 21% oxygen (room air oxygen concentration), whereas preterm babies should be started at a higher oxygen concentration, such as 30% (Kattwinkel et al., 2010). A. Metabolic acidosis C. Antibiotics and narcotics, What characterizes a preterm fetal response to stress? The most appropriate action is to B. C. Administer IV fluid bolus. B. Gestational age, meconium, arrhythmia A. Repeat in one week Optimizing the management of these pregnancies is of high priority to improve perinatal outcomes. (See "Nonstress test and contraction stress test", section on 'Physiologic basis of fetal heart rate changes' .) Hence, fetal monitoring is recommended in this gestational group.Although, electronic fetal monitoring guidelines for term fetuses cannot be directly applied to preterm fetuses in labour, baseline rate and variability are often comparable to that of the term fetus. Variable and late decelerations should be classified according to NICE guidelines and appropriate action should be taken. While a normal CTG indicates reassuring fetal status a suspicious or pathological CTG is not always in keeping with metabolic acidosis and poor fetal outcome. C. 4, 3, 2, 1 Fetal Circulation. FHR patterns that may indicate a decrease in maternal oxygenation and, consequently, a decrease in transfer of oxygen to the fetus may include any or all of the following: late decelerations, fetal tachycardia, and/or minimal or absent FHR baseline variability. E. Maternal smoking or drug use, The normal FHR baseline C. Normal, If the pH is low, what other blood gas parameter is used to determine if the acidosis is respiratory or metabolic? 1. B. Gardner DS, Jamall E, Fletcher AJ, Fowden AL, Giussani DA. what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation trigonometric ratios sin, cos and tan calculator. B. Atrial and ventricular A. Tekin, S. zkan, E. alikan, S. zeren, A. oraki, and I. Ycesoy, Fetal pulse oximetry: correlation with intrapartum fetal heart rate patterns and neonatal outcome, Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, vol. (T/F) Metabolic acidosis is more easily reversible and potentially less detrimental to the fetus when compared to respiratory acidosis. Category II With advancing gestational age, there is a gradual decrease in baseline fetal heart rate [4]. They may have fewer accels, and if <35 weeks, may be 10x10 D. Fetal isoimmunization, Which of the following factors is not likely to cause uteroplacental insufficiency? B. Sinoatrial node Determine if pattern is related to narcotic analgesic administration Prepare for cesarean delivery 200 Right ventricular pressure, 70/4 mmHg, is slightly greater (1 to 2 mmHg) than left ventricular pressure. Excessive Xanthine oxidase and the fetal cardiovascular defence to hypoxia in late gestation ovine pregnancy. At the start (A), airway pressure is low, and FiO 2 is high, indicating a high degree of atelectasis . B. Late decelerations are caused by uteroplacental insufficiency, which is a decrease in the blood flow to the placenta that reduces the amount of oxygen and nutrients transferred to the fetus. B. Preterm labor Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following factors can have a negative effect on uterine blood flow? A. Bradycardia A. Metabolic acidosis A. Fetal bradycardia Interruption of the oxygen pathway at any point can result in a prolonged deceleration. Overall clinical picture, including possibility of chorioamnionitis, should be considered, whilst managing these fetuses in labour. Uterine activity modifies the response of the fetal autonomic nervous system at preterm active labor. C. Variable, An appropriate initial treatment for recurrent late decelerations with moderate variability during first stage labor is Crossref Medline Google Scholar; 44. C. Poor interobserver and intraobserver reliability, C. Poor interobserver and intraobserver reliability, The objective of intrapartum FHR monitoring is to assess for fetal EFM Flashcards | Quizlet In 2021, preterm birth affected about 1 of every 10 infants born in the United States. One of the hallmarks of fetal wellbeing is considered to be cycling of the fetal heart rate [3]. C. respiratory acidemia, NCC Electronic Fetal Monitoring Certification, Julie S Snyder, Linda Lilley, Shelly Collins, Medical Assisting: Administrative and Clinical Procedures, Kathryn A Booth, Leesa Whicker, Sandra Moaney Wright, Terri D Wyman, Global Health 101 (Essential Public Health), PMOIPH Lecture 10 (CH 9) -- Research to Policy. HCO3 24 Nutrients | Free Full-Text | Delayed Macronutrients' Target what characterizes a preterm fetal response to interruptions in oxygenation Address contraction frequency by reducing pitocin dose O, The data show meanSEM calculated every minute for the fetal heart rate, fetal arterial blood pressure, fetal femoral blood flow and fetal femoral vascular resistance during a 1 h episode of acute hypoxia (box) in 13 fetuses between 125 and 130 days of gestation, 6 fetuses between 135 and 140 days of gestation and 6 fetuses >140 days (term is, The data show meanSEM calculated every minute for the fetal heart rate, fetal arterial blood pressure, fetal femoral blood flow and fetal femoral vascular resistance during a 1h episode of acute hypoxia (box) in 14 fetuses at 1271 days of gestation (term is. Studies reporting on early signs of renal disturbances in FGR are sparse and mostly include invasive measurements, which limit the possibility for early identification and prevention. T/F: In the context of moderate variability, late decelerations are considered neurogenic in origin and are typically amenable to intrauterine resuscitation techniques directed towards maximizing uterine blood flow.
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