who was king after henry iv of france

After Henry IV, Sully was a major driving force behind the happy transformation in France between 1598 and 1610, in which agriculture and commerce benefitted, and peace and internal order were reestablished. The League's leader, Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne, had repeatedly disputed the strategy of the Duke of Parma, the Governor of the Spanish Netherlands, whom Philip II sent into northern France to reinforce the League. Robert, Count of Clermont (d. 1317), the sixth and youngest son of Louis IX but the only son besides Philip III to produce a surviving line, had married Beatrix of Bourbon and assumed the title of sire de Bourbon. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. However, he was unable to overcome the fiscal and administrative weaknesses that contributed to the eventual downfall of the Lancastrian dynasty. [28], Henry continued to promote Huguenots to office in France and to form alliances with Protestant princes abroad. About the same time, he began his military education. Francis I had succeeded Louis XII as his cousin five times removed in the male line. He was the first monarch of the Bourbon branch of the Capetian dynasty in France. The country had been divided by decades of religious and civil wars, and there was no clear heir to the French monarchy. It was scarcely to be expected, however, that he would one day succeed to the throne of France, since Catherine de Mdicis had already borne three sons to the reigning king, Henry II, and would soon bear him a fourth. Henry IV was an energetic soldier who spent long periods at war. Once Henri IV converted, Henry was crowned King of France at theCathedral of Chartreson 27 February 1594. The marriage between Henri of Navarre and Margaret de Valois went ahead anyway on 18 August 1572 atNotre Dame Cathedral in Paris. For a man who was never meant to be King of France, he became considered by many to be among the best monarchs during the Renaissance era, and the man who put an end to Frances religious wars. Updates? Napoleon I was defeated by an alliance of most of the other European powers, and abdicated unconditionally, for himself and his son, on 6 April 1814 (an abdication given legal force by a treaty with the Allies dated 11 April 1814) and went into exile. He was stabbed by a Catholic fanatic named Franois Ravaillac as his coach was stuck in traffic congestion related to the coronation of Marie. [10] Hotman had asserted the right of the Estates-General to perform this function. Please select which sections you would like to print: Alternate titles: Henri de Bourbon, prince de Barn, Henri de Navarre, Henry III of Navarre, Henry de Bourbon, Henry of Bourbon, Henry of Navarre, Henry the Great, Henry, prince de Barn, Gaspard II de Coligny, seigneur de Chtillon, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-IV-king-of-France, Web Gallery of Art - Biography of Henry IV, World History Encyclopedia - Henry IV of France & the Edict of Nantes, Gaston-Jean-Baptiste, duc dOrlans, duc dAnjou. Henry IV (French: Henri IV; 13 December 1553 - 14 May 1610), also known by the epithets Good King Henry or Henry the Great, was King of Navarre (as Henry III) from 1572 and King of France from 1589 to 1610. As Henri of Navarre was growing up, on the throne was King Charles IX of France. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Before becoming king, he was known as Henry Bolingbroke, and he received from his cousin Richard II the titles earl of Derby (1377) and duke of Hereford (1397). They married on the 17th of December 1600. [14] On 28 June 1593, the Paris parlement followed up by resolving "to preserve the realm which depends on God alone and recognizes no other ruler of its temporal affairs, no matter what his status, and to prevent it from being overrun by foreigners in the fair name of religion". Henry of Navarre was born in Pau, France, on December 13, 1553. Peace was concluded in August 1570, and a very liberal edict was granted the Protestants. In addition, his mother Jeanne was the niece of former French King Franois I, making Henri a royal on both sides of his family. Louis XII had succeeded Charles VIII as his second cousin once removed in the male line. [2] When Henry had become the heir presumptive to the throne in 1584, on the death of Francis, Duke of Anjou, polemicist Jean Boucher had been among those who protested that such a distance in blood meant Henry's claim to the throne had effectively lapsed and that therefore the French States-General had the right to elect a new king. In a macabre postscript, the head of Henry IV's embalmed body was reportedly lost after revolutionaries ransacked the Basilica in 1793. Hotspurs brief uprising, the most serious challenge faced by Henry during his reign, ended when the kings forces killed the rebel in battle near Shrewsbury, Shropshire, in July 1403. Henry was already King of Navarre, as the successor of his mother, Jeanne d'Albret, but he owed his succession to the throne of France to the line of his father, Antoine of Bourbon, an agnatic descendant of Louis IX. Henry IV ( French: Henri IV; 13 December 1553 - 14 May 1610), also known by the epithets Good King Henry or Henry the Great, was King of Navarre (as Henry III) from 1572 and King of France from 1589 to 1610. While his former mother-in-law Catherine de Medeci may not have been Henri IVs biggest fan, he was not as opposed to her. [according to whom?] He was the first French king from the House of Bourbon. During his reign, Henry IV faced several challenges, both internal and external. [12], In November 1591, when the Sixteen executed a group of moderates from the Paris parlement, Mayenne hanged or imprisoned the ringleaders. Francis married Mary, Queen of Scots, at the age of sixteen, after meeting her at the age of five as his childhood friend and fiance. I intend to oppose it with all my heart, and to this end to rally around me all true Frenchmen without regard to religion, since this time it is a question of the defence of the state against the usurpation of foreigners. He had to withdraw from the outskirts of Paris, which remained the League's principal stronghold. 1553-1610 King of France H enry IV was the first monarch in the Bourbon dynasty, which ruled France until the French Revolution of 1789. This would prove to be useful (along with a fortuitous marriage), as illness and death claimed those above him in the line of succession to propel him to the throne. Most of the country was ruled by warlords, and everywhere the nobles robbed the bourgeois and harried the peasants, while the countryside swarmed with bandits. In particular, there were those who believed that in failing to fulfill the terms of his absolution, he remained technically excommunicate and therefore a legitimate target of assassination. His mother was Queen Joan III and Antoine de Bourbon the Duke of Vendome. Allons-y! His mother Jeanne agreed and so when he was 19 years old, Protestant Henry of Navarre married Catholic Princess Margaret de Valois. He became king after Henry III was assassinated in 1589, but was forced to fight the Holy League for nine years to secure his kingdom. Get to know Henri IV of France and Navarre, a man who became known as Good King Henry. The marriage was publicly styled the scarlet nuptials because of the bloodshed. Political stability, external peace, and economic recovery during the last decade of his reign contrasted sharply with the previous forty . His parents were Jeanne III of Navarre and her husband, Antoine de Bourbon, duc de Vendme. Protestant King Henry IV uttered this famous quote about Paris: Paris vaut bien une messe, meaning Paris is worth a mass as he was converted to Catholicism. Although the French monarchy was hereditary, the League's lawyers searched the early history of France for precedents to legitimise the election of a king. In France, he is also calledle bon roi Henri(meaning the good king Henry) orle vert galant(meaning The Green Gallant) due to his numerous mistresses. Picture Information. [5], The pull of such propaganda remained so potent that even after 25 years of civil war, An English agent reported that after that and similar declarations by Henry, "many good Catholics flooded to his standard". He was subsequently kept hostage under close watch for several years, and forced to convert to Catholicism. Henry of Navarre acted boldly, defeating the army of Henry III in the crucial Battle of Coutras on Oct 20, 1587. Not everyone was happy that protestant Henri IV was King of France, especially in Catholic Paris. Henri was born into the high aristocracy of France, became king of Navarre, and then a leader of the Huguenots during the Wars of Religion, before finally reigning as king of France for twenty-one years. Henry IV became heir to the French throne through his marriage to Margaret of Valois but was challenged during a time of religious strife. He had the Pont Neuf bridge on Ile de la Cit built over the river Seine to connect the Right and Left Banks of the city. During the opening years of the reign of King Richard II (ruled 137799), Henry remained in the background while his father ran the government. Henri IV was still technically married to Margaret so he filed for an annulment to Pope Clement VIII in February 1599 to end his childless first marriage. Pope Clement reversed Henry's excommunication and Henry brokered the Peace of Vervins between France and Spain on May 2, 1598. After his death however, his assassination had made him a martyr. [citation needed], When Henry was a boy, it seemed highly unlikely that he would ever inherit the throne of France since Henry II had produced four surviving sons. [14] The influence of Spain on the assembly soon proved problematic. EXTRA 15% OFF 3+ ITEMS See all eligible items and terms. However, the prince of Navarre's pedigree gave him a special place of honour in the French nobility since all scions of the Bourbon line were acknowledged as the princes of the blood. The massacre spread all across Paris, lasting several weeks and spreading outward to the countryside and other urban centres. As a Catholic king, it was argued, Henry should have closed Huguenot churches and banned Protestant worship; instead, he made concessions to his former co-religionists in the Edict of Nantes and tolerated the existence of what was seen as a "state within a state", whole towns and regions of France where the Huguenots' right to worship, bear arms and govern their own affairs was protected by the crown. Henry IV (French: Henri IV) (13 December 1553 - 14 May 1610), ruled as King of France from 1589 to 1610 and, as Henry III, King of Navarre from 1572 to 1610. Henry led a number of fruitless expeditions into Wales from 1400 to 1405, but his son, Prince Henry (later Henry V), had greater success in reasserting royal control over the region. (Divorce by a Catholic King was not allowed, hence the Protestant English church of Henry VIII of England.) Updates? Meanwhile, Richard had not forgiven his past enmity. Henry IV's successors ruled France until the French Revolution, then returned during subsequent Bourbon restorations, and they founded dynasties in Spain and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Margaret often helped plan events at court with Marie and became involved with their children. An arranged marriage to Margaret of Valois, daughter of Henry II and Catherine de' Medici, brought Parisian Catholics and visiting Huguenots together in an uneasy standoff. In February 1576, however, he at last succeeded in escaping from the French court, whereupon he recanted and joined the combined forces of Protestants and Catholic rebels against Henry III. Rebels and would-be assassins felt justified by what they saw as Henry's manifest failure to comply with the terms of his absolution. After living in Paris over 10 years, I can tell you all about it! Henris father Antoine was a member of the French royal Bourbon family, but not very close to the throne. Born in 1553, in Pau, Kingdom of Navarre, now in France, Henri was the son of Queen Jeanne III of Navarre and Antoine de Bourbon, Duke de Vendme. Siege of Amiens 1597 showing the English positions (left) & French positions. Henri of Navarre would survive the St. Bartholomews day massacre, but only because he was a royal prince and the husband of the Margaret. [19] After the ceremony, he demonstrated his sacred powers by touching people for scrofula, the king's evil. Henry distinguished himself and the experience forged a soldierly spirit within him. It was to be further demonstrated when Antoine of Bourbon's last surviving brother, Cardinal Charles (d. 1590), was chosen by the Catholic nobles as King of France in the face of Henry IV's Protestantism. Wondering what life in France is really like? He also instituted many reforms throughout France, helping it economically recover and strengthened its position internationally. An important figure in France's history after the ruinous Wars of Religion in the 16th century, Henry IV was a first Bourbon king and brought peace and prosperity to the country. As Henrys health deteriorated, a power struggle developed within his administration between his favourite, Thomas Arundel, archbishop of Canterbury, and a faction headed by Henrys Beaufort half brothers and Prince Henry. On Henry III's death, Henry IV assumed responsibility for his captive rival. Philip II, however, wanted her to marry Archduke Ernest of Austria. Within hours after Henry IVs assassination, Queen Marie de Medici was confirmed as Regent by the Parliament of Paris on behalf of their son and new King, eight-year-old Louis XIII. June 6, 2022 by Linda. Catherine de' Medici had ensured her regency of the nine-year-old King Charles IX in 1560 only by making a deal with Antoine of Bourbon, who many considered had the right, as First Prince of the Blood, to be the regent. The title of the heir apparent of the First Empire was King of Rome . Henry was already King of Navarre, as the successor of his mother, Jeanne d'Albret, but he owed his succession to the throne of France to the line of his father, Antoine of Bourbon, an agnatic descendant of Louis IX. Throughout those years the king had to combat border incursions by the Scots and ward off conflict with the French, who aided the Welsh rebels in 140506. He died several months later, and the prince succeeded as King Henry V. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. 2022 Biography and the Biography logo are registered trademarks of A&E Television Networks, LLC. Along with draining swamps and improving water flows, Henri began big architectural works. war of succession to establish his legitimacy, which was part of the French Wars of Religion (15621598). French philosopher Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de la Brde et de Montesquieu, was a highly influential political thinker during the Age of Enlightenment. Henry of Navarre always emphasised the significance of his blood, rather than religion, when he challenged the Guise-led Catholic League. [21] To reassert papal jurisdiction, Clement made a point of declaring the absolution granted at St Denis in 1593 to be void, but in substituting his own absolution, he ruled all Henry's acts since that date as legitimate in retrospect. The long campaign through the ravaged provinces, extending from Poitou to the heart of Burgundy, forged in him the soldierly spirit that he would retain throughout his life and made him reflect on the disaster that had befallen the kingdom. His pragmatism earned him the nicknameHenri le Grand, meaning Henry the great. The surface of the bronze preserves the masterful modeling of the wax model. From 1401 to 1406 Parliament repeatedly accused him of fiscal mismanagement and gradually acquired certain precedent-setting powers over royal expenditures and appointments. The wreath and the king's relaxed smile suggest that he is both a great military leader and a compassionate father figure-the perfect "good king." Two other portraits of him are nearby. Henry IV, also called (until 1572) Prince de Barn, byname Henry of Navarre, or Henry of Bourbon, French Henri de Navarre, or Henry de Bourbon, (born Dec. 13, 1553, Pau, Barn, Navarre [France]died May 14, 1610, Paris, France), king of Navarre (as Henry III, 157289) and first Bourbon king of France (15891610), who, at the end of the Wars of Religion, abjured Protestantism and converted to Roman Catholicism (1593) in order to win Paris and reunify France. The chief of the Bourbons became the first prince of the blood, the closest to the succession to the throne should the immediate family of the king become extinct. Have one to sell? He regularized finances, promoted agriculture, drained swamps, and encouraged education. After nine months of tests, researchers in France have identified the head of France's King Henry IV, who was assassinated in 1610 aged 57. Henry was the eldest surviving son of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, by his first wife, Blanche. He decided to take a drastic step. Although he was baptized in the Catholic Church, Henri was raised as a Protestant. Flaws at . At the age of 36, Henri of Navarre was now King Henri IV of France. The seizure of the Lancastrian estates by the crown upon John of Gaunts death (February 1399) deprived Henry of his inheritance and gave him an excuse to invade England (July 1399) as a champion of the nobility. With Catherine in charge, France was in full out civil and religious war, as Catholics in Paris and Protestant Huguenots in the south of France fought each other. King Henri IV of France was the first French king of the House of Bourbon. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Henri, pragmatic as ever, wanted to live and let live. Even after his abjuration of the Protestant faith in 1593, doubts remained about the sincerity of Henry's conversion. However, Charles was a young and weak King and often sick. By 1593, King Henri IV was not much further along in his quest to fully invested as King of France. We strive for accuracy and fairness. After the death of Henry IV Sully published, in the deceased king's name, his 'Grand Design', a plan to stop the religious wars. The Estates-General sent delegates to treat with Henry's representatives, and on 8 August, most members of the assembly returned home. The couple managed to produce 6 children, 3 boys and 3 girls. The latter group ousted Arundel from the chancellorship early in 1410, but they, in turn, fell from power in 1411. In 1585, she abandoned any pretence by siding with the Catholics and was forced to live inAuvergnein an exile which lasted twenty years. But he had a dramatic personal life, with warring parents, deadly in-laws, and many assassination attempts on his life. With the bride and groom staying at the Palais du Louvre, both Protestants Huguenots and Catholics had descended on Paris to be present at the marriage. The Spanish urged the Estates-General to repeal the Salic Law, which prevented the rule of a queen regnant, but in so doing, they failed to grasp a fundamental principle of the French royal succession. However, the spread of civil war made him reflect on its disastrous effect on France. But the marriage was not a happy one. The tension erupted into the full-scale killings of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre on August 24, 1572, and Henry escaped death with the help of his wife and his promise to convert to Catholicism. Henry IV's ascendancy to the throne of France was mired with controversy. George VI served as king of the United Kingdom during World War II and was an important symbolic leader. In 1572 Protestant Henry married his Catholic cousin Margaret of Valois to help solidify a peace between Catholic and Protestants during the French Wars of Religion. 1366, Bolingbroke Castle, Lincolnshire, Englanddied March 20, 1413, London), king of England from 1399 to 1413, the first of three 15th-century monarchs from the house of Lancaster. Edward VIII became king of the United Kingdom following the death of his father, George V, but ruled for less than a year. [27] The constant threat of assassination was related to questions of his legitimacy as King of France. Henri IV was now in the 50s and on the hunt for a wife. The city and large parts of France, mostly in the north, were in the hands of the Catholic League, an alliance of leading Catholic nobles and prelates who opposed the Protestant Henry of Navarre as heir to the throne. Nevertheless, that claim did not convince those magnates who aspired to assert their authority at the crowns expense. King Henry IV, Parts 1 & 2: Cliffs Notes - paperback, Lowers PhD. Although Henry was baptized a Catholic, he was raised a Protestant following the death of his father in 1562. Henry of Navarre was the same age as Margaret and much hope rested on their betrothal. He abdicated the throne in order to marry his lover, Wallis Simpson, thereafter taking the title Duke of Windsor. Henry distinguished himself at the Battle of Arnay-le-Duc on June 26, 1570, when he led the first charge of the Huguenot cavalry. Sor Juana Ins de la Cruz was a 17th century nun, self-taught scholar and acclaimed writer of the Latin American colonial period and the Hispanic Baroque. Mayenne opened the assembly with a symbolically empty chair beside him. It would not get off to a good start however. In 1405 Henry had Thomas Mowbray, the eldest son of the 1st duke of Norfolk, and Richard Scrope, archbishop of York, executed for conspiring with Northumberland to raise another rebellion. Her middle daughter Claude tried to get their mother to warn her youngest daughter Margaret not to go, but that Catherine insisted she couldnt be told as it it would tip off Henri and the Huguenots. Henri may not have been great at maintaining relations with his wife, but he proved much better at managing the country. Mayenne, who nursed ambitions to be king himself, saw his grand alliance of Catholic nobles, French towns and Spain crumbling from a growing disunity of purpose and the absence of an obvious claimant to the throne. While Henri IV was fighting for the French crown, his Catholic wife Margaret chose to side with the Catholic League against her own husband. His father changed allegiances and religions several times (just to antagonize his wife) but he too had family connections to the Protestant Huguenots, with his brother Louis, the Prince of Cond, being theleader of the Huguenots. Though Hotman was a Protestant, his argument also influenced Catholic jurists searching for a means to replace the Cardinal of Bourbon at the beginning of the 1590s and the decision to summon the Estates-General to elect a new "king". He and Thomas Mowbray (later 1st duke of Norfolk) became the younger members of the group of five opposition leadersknown as the lords appellantswho in 138789 outlawed Richards closest associates and forced the king to submit to their domination. Henry of Navarre was descended through his father from King Louis IX of France. By then, deep divisions in the League had become apparent. On the very next day, the 14th of May 1610, Henri IV was assassinated at the age of 56. Upon their marriage, Jeanne and her husband became joint rulers of Navarre, as women were not allowed to rule by themselves at the time. The school did change names several times, but went back to being Lyce Henri IV in 1873. The League proved unable to free the cardinal, and when he died on 9 May 1590, they were left without a plausible successor as claimant to the throne. Finally, Mayenne was at odds with many Parisian leaders, particularly with the Sixteen, a group of city representatives who pursued their own libertarian agenda and often worked with the Spanish behind Mayenne's back. He fought the War of the Three Henrys and prevailed as unrivaled leader. One of the reasons Franois Ravaillac gave for assassinating Henry IV in 1610 was the king's "refusal to exercise his power to compel the so-called reformed Church Calvinist Protestants to the apostolic Catholic and Roman Church". Henri was King of France, but only in name. December 14, 2010 / 6:45 PM / AP. Hover to zoom. It is said that Catherine knew the massacre was going to occur and saw it as an opportunity to get rid of her enemies. In similar cases, the throne had earlier passed to successors with a much closer blood link to the throne. But the younger brother Francis was discontented with his lot. He was opposed by the Holy League, made up of Catholic aristocrats, and Pope Clement VIII, who excommunicated the French heir from the church. Henry IV inherited the throne after the assassination of Henry III, the last Valois king, who died without children. Antoine's son, Prince Henry of Navarre, inherited this title on his death from an arquebus wound at the siege of Rouen in 1562. Henry IV of France (1553-1609) here wears a laurel wreath, which, since the days of ancient Greece, has signaled a victor. Around that time, Henry also issued the Edict of Nantes, which confirmed Roman Catholicism as the state religion but granted religious freedom to Protestants. While Henri IV was relatively popular, he was still under serious threat. Good King Henry as he became known, would step in to become one of the most celebrated Kings of France. His mother was the reigning Queen Jeanne dAlbret of Navarre, and his father Antoine, the Duke of Vendme. [24] Thus, the pope papered over the technical anomaly of the archbishop's abrogation of papal powers. Who Was Henry IV? He rebelled against his Catholic family and joined the Protestant side. Henry was already King of Navarre, as the successor of his mother, Jeanne d'Albret, but he . Omissions? Today it remains one of the two best high schools in the French education system (along with Louis le Grand, named after Henri IVs grandson Sun King Louis XIV). After military campaigns, he rewarded himself with bouts of idle pleasure, hunting during the day, gambling in the evening, and womanising at night. Today the Pont Neuf is the oldest standing bridge in Paris. There were two assassination attempts in 1593, three in 1594, two each in 1595 and 1596 and at least nine more after that. Although Henri IV had many mistresses, he still had no legitimate heirs. The situation brought about the War of the Three Henrys, pitting Henry against King Henry III of France and the staunchly Catholic Henry, Duke of Guise. [citation needed]. He had fallen in love in 1590 with a young woman named Gabrielle dEstres. From his family, his love life, his exploits and more. [citation needed], The Catholic League's candidate for the crown of France in 1589 was Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon. Those who continued to believe that Henry was a heretic regarded him as a tyrant who had usurped the throne of France under false pretenses. Once free, he displayed his sharp intellect and political acumen in his role as protector of the Protestant churches. He began renovating the Palais du Louvre as well as the Tuileries, with the intention of connecting the two. [citation needed], Mayenne was opposed to the idea of summoning the Estates-General to elect a king, but in 1592, he finally caved in to Spanish pressure to do so. He was married to Marie Antoinette and was executed for treason by guillotine in 1793. Ravaillac stated that "he had felt obliged to take this step because, from rumours he had heard, he felt the King had seemed reluctant to punish the Huguenots for trying to murder all the Catholics last Christmas Day. Henry IV, also called (1377-97) earl of Derby or (1397-99) duke of Hereford, byname Henry Bolingbroke or Henry of Lancaster, (born April? Having united the kingdom and attained peace at home and abroad, Henry IV proceeded to bring prosperity back to France. Henry de Bourbon-Navarre was the son of Antoine de Bourbon, Duke de Vendme, and Jeanne dAlbret, queen of Navarre from 1555. [15], The Spanish ambassador in Paris had instructions to "insinuate cleverly" the rights of the Infanta to the French throne. Henry of Navarre, on the other hand, could claim only an agnatic relationship to Henry III in the twenty-second degree. [14], Henry's abjuration of the Protestant faith on 25 July 1593 at the abbey of Saint-Denis proved decisive in winning over many of his opponents. He was the first monarch of France from the House of Bourbon, a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty. In order to calm the tensions, Catherine de Medici arranged for her youngest daughter Margaret to marry the young Henri of Navarre. At the time, the royal palace consisted of long, narrow buildings which were enlarged so that it could join the long gallery along the Seine river, the Grande Galerie. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. His Catholicism remained a question all of his life, and there were at least 12 assassination attempts on his life. Despite converting to Catholicism after becoming king of France in 1589, Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes to foster religious tolerance. At the age of 36, Henri of Navarre was now King Henri IV of France. When Gaunt departed for an expedition to Spain in 1386, Henry entered politics as an opponent of the crown. Bourbon was elevated into a duchy for Robert's son Louis, who became the first Duke of Bourbon. Contrary to what Shakespeare and Netflix's The King would have you believe, King Henry V of England wasn't a wayward youth reluctant to lead, and he didn't go to war with France over a bunch of tennis balls.. Nearly two centuries after Henry V's death, William Shakespeare launched the medieval king's name into pop culture stardom with his historical fiction plays Henry IV: Part I, Henry IV . He also became notorious for his sexual exploits, taking on many lovers and earning the nickname "Le Vert Gallant" (The Gay Old Spark). [25], After 1594, Henry's recognition doomed further armed opposition to his rule within France. If you enjoyed that article, you may like to read more about other French royals here. [26], Henry IV's assassination in 1610 was the last of a series of attempts on his life throughout his reign. Henry IV, also called (137797) earl of Derby or (139799) duke of Hereford, byname Henry Bolingbroke or Henry of Lancaster, (born April? Maria de Medici was also the granddaughter ofHoly Roman Emperor Ferdinand I, thus reinforcing royal descent for any of their heirs, since Henri IV own royal heritage was not clearcut. Ironically, this would strengthen the bond between his 1st wife Margaret (who had Medici blood as well) and Marie. [citation needed], During the period between the succession of Henry IV and the death of the Cardinal of Bourbon, the city of Paris had achieved a degree of independence. During the first five years of his reign, Henry was attacked by a formidable array of domestic and foreign enemies. Regional flags of France: 7 facts and history, History of Normandy: 19 Key points in timeline, Champs Elyses: Guide to the most beautiful street in Paris, Making Friends in France: 10 tips and guide. As a prince of the Royal House of Bourbon, and married to the sister of the King, the French throne was now bequeathed to Henri of Navarre and Catherines daughter Margaret in 1589. An equestrian statue of him was built there in 1618 along the Pont Neuf. Henry the Navigator, a 15th century Portuguese prince, helped usher in both the Age of Discovery and the Atlantic slave trade. Many persons, including Catherine de Mdicis, hoped the civil war had come to an end. Childhood And Early Life Henrywas born in Pau in the Kingdom of Navarre, which is in modern-day France. He quashed a conspiracy of Richards supporters in January 1400. During the 1893 Columbian Exposition, he lured victims into his elaborate 'Murder Castle.'. The reign of his grandson, Louis XIV, brought France to the height of its political and cultural power. Henry IV's descent in the male line from Louis IX of France.[30]. With some of the most prominent Huguenots in Catholic Paris, their leaders were ambushed. That proved fatal to their opposition to Henry's rule. [21] At the same time, Clement feared that in the words of historian J. H. Elliott, "a Spanish victory in France could mean the end of papal independence". https://www.biography.com/royalty/henry-iv. Henry IVwas the King of France from 1589 to 1610 and is best known for ending the Wars of Religion that had dogged France for decades. [1], The legitimacy of Henry of Navarre's claim to the throne was still questioned, however. She did however, reconfirm the Edict of Nantes to keep the peace. In order to shore up support and attempt to take the French capital, Henri IV attempts to lay Siege to Paris in 1590. 1600. He was one of the most capable military leaders of all time, even though he wasn't considered a genius among strategists. Reims, the traditional seat where royals were crowned, and the iconic Notre Dame de Paris were still in Catholic hands. The Protestants were surprised and defeated near Jarnac on March 13, 1569, by the Duke dAnjou, the future Henry III, and Cond was killed. This Grande Galerie would run all the way to the older Louvre Palace in the east. [9] The Protestant scholar and ideologue Franois Hotman had argued in his Francogallia that France was once a free country, whose liberties had been eroded over time, including the right to elect kings. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Free shipping. Instead of waging costly new wars, Henri IV adopted policies and undertook projects to improve the lives of all subjects, which made him one of the countrys more popular rulers. Henri decided to marry another member of the powerful House of Medici, Marie de Medici. She was the daughter of the Marquis ofCuvres, and the couple soon had 3 children. The couple had no children, with the fault falling on Margaret, as Henri had managed to produce several children out of wedlock with his mistresses. Among the other great cathedrals around France, the nearby historic town of Chartres was chosen. Meanwhile, upon his mothers death in June 1572, Prince Henry became king of Navarre and sovereign lord of Barn. At a crucial age in his intellectual development, he was brought up in the strict principles of Protestantism. Navarre was a tiny independent kingdom on the edge of the Pyrenees mountains between what is now France and Spain. Among other promises, Henry swore to establish a single religion in France, to recompense all Catholic clergy who had lost land or property to the Huguenots and to apply the decrees of the Council of Trent in France. It was King Henry IV, the study concluded, "positively identified according to the most rigorous arguments of any forensic examination." After the examination, according to Sciolino, the. A Calvinist, he converted to Catholicism to satisfy the wishes of 90% or more of the population of France. Click to enlarge. She was also a staunch advocate for women's rights. So lets explore the history of Henri IV with a few facts about his life, his family, and more, shall we? The item A speech of King Henry, IV of France to his parliament : wherein he rebukes them for opposing the Jesuits, and shews his disbelief of their plots and attempts against his person, after the attempts of Chastel and Barriers had miscarried, and those traitors executed, and some time before that of Ravilliac took effect : with other passages on that occasion, communicated in a letter to . Corrections? Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Free shipping. By the time of Henry III of Navarre (the future Henry IV of France), the monarch of Navarre could call to arms 300 gentlemen and 6,000 footsoldiers from the kingdom. With common sense and clear-sightedness, along with a good dose of of diplomacy, he managed to get to secure power through alliances and get the country to accept him as King. Henry III was stabbed on August 1, 1589, and died the next day after declaring Henry of Navarre his successor. Henry IV was born in 1367, the son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, and Blanche of Lancaster. Henry IV also had the Place Royale (Place des Vosges) built, along with several other works. [6], Though most of the old Kingdom of Navarre was incorporated into Spain, the claim to the remaining part was retained by Queen Catherine (daughter of Magdalene of France), who married John, Count of Prigord, brother-in-law of Cesare Borgia and lord of vast lands in the southwest of France. Richard had just regained the upper hand when Gaunt returned to reconcile the king to his enemies. His common senseone of his outstanding traits, except in love affairsmanifested itself when civil war broke out anew at the end of 1576. 1515 - 1547. third invasion of Italy; generous patron of the arts; formed a Franco-Ottoman alliance with Suleiman the Magnificent. The scientific tests . Not everyone was happy that protestant Henri IV was King of France, especially in Catholic Paris. To finance these military activities, Henry was forced to rely on parliamentary grants. Alternate titles: Henry Bolingbroke, Henry of Lancaster, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-IV-king-of-England, Henry IV - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). [16] The Estates-General of the Catholic League insisted that if Clara Isabella Eugenia were to be chosen, she should marry a French prince. Henri still kept numerous mistresses, and Marie was displeased at having to deal with them at court. Henri of Navarre was born in 1553 in the city of Pau, in the Kingdom of Navarre. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. He and his wife Margaret separated. Although the worst of Henrys political troubles were over, he then began to suffer from an affliction that his contemporaries believed to be leprosyit may have been congenital syphilis. Henry, through his father, was in the sole legitimate line of descent from the Capetian kings of France. During his lifetime, Catholicsconsidered him a usurper, whileProtestantsaccused him of treason since he changed his religion at least 6 times. The part that survived as an independent kingdom north of the Pyrenees, Lower Navarre, was united with the Viscountcy of Barn in an independent kingdom. Ordered by his brother-in-law Charles IX to abjure his Protestant faith, Henry yielded. In order to strengthen the peace, a marriage was arranged between Prince Henry and Margaret of Valois of the French royal house. The songMarche Henri IV(Long Live Henry IV) became popular. After the death of Charles of Bourbon, the Catholic League's failure to choose a replacement claimant to the throne, in combination with Henry IV's conversion to Catholicism, led to a general recognition of the king in France. Clement's absolution was contingent on a set of demanding conditions. Careful to restrain his impatience, he hid his forceful personality from his detainers. The papacy lived in fear of further national churches breaking away from Rome to be governed instead by princes. The successions were legally unproblematic because consanguinity was acknowledged in law to the tenth degree. Catherine was Catholic, and deeply opposed to the Protestants and Huguenots. However, that conclusion was cast into doubt a few years later, when DNA tests revealed the head had no royal genetic match. Henry IV (13 December 1553 - 14 May 1610) was King of France from 1589 to 1610 and (as Henry III) King of Navarre from 1572 to 1610. He and King Henry III were moving to besiege Paris at the time of the latter's death. The marriage was intended to unite the interests of the house of Valois with the house of Bourbon. On August 18, 1572, he and Margaret were married in Paris, but on August 24 came the St. Bartholomews Day Massacre, in which thousands of French Protestants were massacred by royal forces. For two years, Henry had been recognised by many in the French church, and French theologians at the Sorbonne had confirmed the Archbishop of Bourges's lifting of Henry's excommunication. Unfortunately before the marriage could occur, Gabrielle died from pregnancy complications at the age of 26 while carrying the couples 4th child. Henry IV before Amiens. The League proclaimed as king [23] Clement VIII's grant of absolution, therefore, contains an element of damage limitation. $3.59. Despite converting to Catholicism. By 1572, only two of her sons remained alive, she brokered a marriage between her daughter Margaret and Henry, who that year became King Henry III of Navarre after the death of his mother, Jeanne d'Albret while she was buying clothes for the wedding in Paris. Francis I. After the French Wars of Religion, the first and only Protestant King of France, Henry IV, brought growth and stability to the war-torn country. His legitimization proceeded in stages. In 1398 the king took advantage of a quarrel between Bolingbroke and Norfolk to banish both men from the kingdom. In addition, Henri kept putting off crowning Marie as Queen of France. In an attempt to reduce Catholic and Protestant tensions, Henri signed the Edict of Nantes in 1598 which granted the Protestants of France (Huguenots) substantial rights in France to live and practise their religion. Henry IV inherited the throne after the assassination of Henry III, the last Valois king, who died without children. Francis II, Henry's ill 15-year-old son, took over as heir to the throne. (King of France (1589-1610)) Henry IV of France, who ruled from 1589 till his death in 1610, was the first Bourbon monarch to sit on the throne of France. The Gallican church already showed independent tendencies, and some of Henry's advisers advocated for him to declare himself the spiritual head of the French church. In October 1589, a Parisian lawyer complained publicly, "Our civil disorder and factions have opened the door to a crowd of corrupt little men who, with effrontery, have attacked authority with such licence and audacity that those who have not seen it would not believe it. Jeanne was the acknowledged spiritual and political leader of theFrench Huguenotmovement. It seemed clear to Henry's Catholic opponents that he had recanted his Protestantism merely for political reasons to secure the French throne. Considered a usurper by Catholics and a traitor by Protestants, his charm and genuine care for the people's needs could not mollify his enemies. Upon the death of Franois, Duke of Anjou, in 1584, Henry became heir to the throne of France. Henry IV was now king of France, but it would take him nine years of struggle against the Holy League to secure his kingdom. [17] The Estates replied that "our laws and customs prevent us from calling forward as king any prince not of our nation". It was pulled down during the French revolution, but rebuilt a few years later. The archbishop of Bourges raised his excommunication, though without papal authority, during the abjuration ceremony. [13] At the time of his succession, Henry IV was under a papal excommunication, imposed by Pope Sixtus V on 21 September 1585 so the papacy considered it legitimate for Henry's subjects to oppose his rule, both as King of Navarre and, after 1589, as King of France. [21] For the first time, he gave Henry the title of "most Christian King of France and Navarre". Henry IV of France's succession to the throne in 1589 was followed by a four-year war of succession to establish his legitimacy. Louis XVII was recognized by royalists as the King of France from 1793, when he was 8, until his death in 1795. Eventually, Spanish interference with French succession prompted Henry III to join forces with Henry of Navarre to take control of Paris and the French countryside. [22], When Pope Clement VIII absolved Henry, he, like Henry, was motivated by political pragmatism. He was succeeded by Queen Elizabeth II in 1952. Who Was King Of France After Henry Ii? (He would revert back as soon as he was free to.). Henry IV became heir to the French throne through his marriage to Margaret of Valois but was challenged during a time of religious strife. Henry had just turned 13 when his mother brought him back to Barn. Go behind closed doors for fun anecdotes and the unvarnished truth on those intriguing French habits ;). The siege would last a month and be unsuccessful, as Frances catholic allies from Netherlands and Italy chose to intervene against Henri IVs siege. War loomed with Spain, Germany, and the Holy Roman Empire opposing his rule. From 1561 to 1567 he lived with his second cousins, the children of the king of France, among whom was his future wife Margaret. One by one, the leaders of the Catholic League made peace with him. With Free Shipping within the U.S. and E.U. A few months after Gabrielle died, Henri IV finally managed to get Margaret to agree to an annulment, which was granted by the Pope. 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